之前给大家介绍了【 如何弥补标化成绩不高的弱势？软实力提高秘籍 】， 现在和大家分享一下其中一位同学的项目心得和科研笔记。
医学篇：Y同学参加了【麻省理工】的医学项目
项目为：关于镰状疟原虫感染的血红细胞的研究
看看她是如何完成研究的。
第一周
Reflection of Week 1 (Jun.11-Jun.17) It was the first week we, Ethan an I, spent with Dr.Yang in Boston, an we iscusse what we have learne from the two articles assigne about plasmoium falciparum infecte re bloo cells.
第一周回顾：（ 6 月 11 日 -6 月 17 日）我和 Ethan 一起跟着杨教授在波士顿，一起讨论了刚刚学习的关于镰状疟原虫感染的血红细胞的文章。
The first article is calle Refractive inex maps an membrane ynamics of human re bloo cells parasitize by Plasmoium falciparum. It elaborates how an what plasmoium falciparum impacts re bloo cells an what techniques or methos were use in the experiments. In my opinion, the most impressive points are that, firstly, the ecreasing eformability of RBCs an the increasing aherence properties uring the late stages (trophozoite an schizont stages) are the main elements of this fatal malaria, which lea to human mortality; seconly, through the vivo an vitro experiment, we notice that after exposure to febrile temperature, Pf-RBCs at physiological temperature(37°C) isplay eformability closer to those at febrile temperature(41°C). Aitionally, two techniques were introuce: TPM an DPM. They brought a lot of avantages. TPM oes not require any special preparation, an DPM oes not irectly or invasively contact with cells. They are able to make measurements within few secons, which enables flexibility on a large number of sample uner a variety of well controlle test conitions in a reasonable time span. By using these two techniques, the two inicators, three imensions istributions of refractive inex an membrane ynamics of Pf-RBCs, were observe, which irectly lea to the results an conclusion of this article.
第一篇文章叫做折射率地图和由恶性疟原虫寄生人体血红细胞的膜动力学。它详细阐述了恶性疟原虫如何以及对什么影响红细胞以及在实验中使用了哪些技术或方法。在我看来，最令人印象深刻的是，首先，红细胞的可变形性降低和粘附性增加是这种致命疟疾导致晚期（滋养体和裂殖体阶段）人类死亡的主要因素 ; 其次，通过体内和体外实验，我们注意到暴露于发热温度后，生理温度（ 37 ℃ ）下的 Pf-RBC 显示出与发热温度（ 41 ℃ ）相近的可变形性。此外，还引入了两种技术： TPM 和 DPM 。 他们带来了很多好处。 TPM 不需要任何特殊准备， DPM 不直接或有创地接触细胞。它们能够在几秒钟内进行测量，从而在合理的时间跨度内在各种良好控制的测试条件下实现大量样品测试的灵活性。 通过使用这两种技术，观察了 Pf-RBCs 的折射率和膜动力学的三个维度分布这两个指标，这直接带出了本文的结果和结论。
The secon article is calle A microfabricate eformability-base flow cytometer with application to malaria. It illustrates the same topic of the article above but using ifferent methos, an it inclues ifferent etails. In this experiment, microfabricate eformability cytometer was use to measure ynamic mechanical responses of 10 3 an 10 4 INDIVIDUAL RBCs in a cell population; fluorescence measurements allowe researchers to characterize a small number of Pf-RBCs in a large number of uninfecte RBCs. It was interesting to know that reticulocytes, the immature re bloo cells that are account for 1% of RBCs in whole bloo, actually contain less eformability compare to the normal RBCs. This phenomenon is probably ue to the fact that the special isc shape of RBCs presents the most flexible properties; whereas, reticulocytes o not obtain this shape an isplay stiffer.
第二篇文章称为基于微制造可变形性的，适用于疟疾的流式细胞仪。 它说明了上述文章的相同主题，但使用了不同的方法，包括不同的细节。在该实验中，微加工变形细胞计用于测量细胞群中 10 3 和 10 4 个个体 RBC 的动态机械响应 ; 荧光测量允许研究人员在大量未感染的 RBC 中表征少量 Pf-RBC 。有趣的是，网红细胞，即全血中红细胞占 1 ％的未成熟红细胞，与正常红细胞相比，实际上含有较少的可变形性。这种现象可能是由于红细胞的特殊圆盘形状具有最灵活的特性 ; 然而，网织红细胞不能获得这种形状并且显示更硬。
Besie these articles, this is also my first time to live within homestay an being able to look aroun the campus of MIT. I’ve never travelle alone in a foreign country, an this opportunity provies me with such a precious experience. I have to figure out how the subway an bus system works in Boston an take care of myself; otherwise, no one else has both responsibility an ability to take care of me. I feel like I evelope more inepenent in such a short time span. Moreover, Ethan an I esigne our tour to chinatown to have hot pot an watch Deapool 2. All in all, this week was meaningful an enjoyable to me. I plan to take a campus tour in MIT in the upcoming week an keep working on the new articles!
除了研究论文以外，这也是我第一次住在寄宿家庭并且对 MIT 的校园访问参观。我第一次独自一人在异国他乡生活和学习，这是非常宝贵的经历。我需要了解波士顿的地铁和公交如何运行，学会照顾自己，因为也没有其他人有责任和义务照顾我。我觉得我在短短的时间里成长很快。我和 Ethan 还跑到中国城吃了顿火锅看了场电影。总而言之，这一周对我来说受益匪浅，并且非常享受这样的氛围。我计划下周对 MIT 进行一次校园访问并继续研究更多的论文。
第二周
Reflection of Week 2 (Jun.18-Jun.24) We focuse on the topic of brain for the secon week. The two articles I selecte for this week are: Whole-Brain Vascular Reconstruction, Simulation, an Visualization, an Cerebrospinal flui reconstitution via a perfusion-base caaveric moel: feasibility stuy emonstrating surgical simulation of neuroenoscopic proceures. Both of them are avantageous for either clinical surgery or surgical training.
第 2 周回顾（ 6 月 18 日 - 6 月 24 日）第二周我们专注于大脑的话题。我本周选择的两篇文章是：全脑血管重建，通过基于灌注的尸体模型进行模拟，可视化和脑脊液重建：可行性研究，证明神经内窥镜手术的手术模拟。它们都有利于临床手术或手术训练。
In the first article, which I believe that it is more like a poster, it emphasizes that current techniques in meical imaging an analysis concentrate in recoring information about one specific physiological property at a time, for example, CT, MRI, DSA, SPECT, etc.. It limits the resource of emergency centers an takes a lot of time to complete the full meical scan series; therefore, scientists starte eveloping a computational moel of the vasculature that can accurately simulate physiological phenomena, trying to benefit surgical plan. In this experiment, scientists use centerlines that combine with proper iameter to represent all the tubular objects like vasculature, an ye the meical images with three methos, giving each vessel a scalar value. This experiment require 30min manual manipulation, an in the future, scientists will work on entirely automate the reconstruction process, quantify an resolve the potential problems, an eventually, benefit the clinical setting for the surgical planning.
在第一篇文章中，我认为它更像是一张海报，它强调医学成像和分析中的当前技术集中在一次记录关于一种特定生理特性的信息，例如 CT ， MRI ， DSA ， SPECT ， 等等.. 它限制了急救中心的资源，并花费了大量时间来完成全套医学扫描系列 ; 因此，科学家们开始开发一种能够准确模拟生理现象的脉管系统计算模型，试图使手术计划受益。 在这个实验中，科学家使用中心线结合适当的直径来表示所有管状物体，如脉管系统，并用三种方法染色医学图像，给每个血管一个标量值。该实验需要 30 分钟的手动操作，未来，科学家们将致力于完全自动化重建过程，量化和解决潜在问题，并最终有利于手术计划的临床环境。
The aim of the secon article is to evelop a working moel of CSF ynamics using human caavers that was sufficient to support the simulation of neuroenoscopic intraventricular approaches for surgical training purposes. In orer to better interpret the escription, I eliberately search the basic structure an the summary of enoscopy as follow. The experience restore the natural CSF flow in 10 fresh human caavers by making a simple cervical laminectomy an ural opening as well as introucing a 12-gauge arterial catheter. They inserte a neuroenoscopy via a stanar right frontal bur hole, ientifying the foramen of Monro by performing septum pelluciotomy an enoscopic thir ventriculostomy. They also sent trainees self-reporte questionnaire as a main proceure, an all trainees reflecte an increase in postproceure confience.In conclusion, this experiment was successful in builing the psychosomatic founations require to perform a given operation for trainees to improve their surgical experience.
第二篇文章的目的是开发一种使用人体尸体的 CSF 动力学工作模型，该模型足以支持用于外科手术训练目的的神经内窥镜心室内方法的模拟。 为了更好地解释描述，我故意搜索内窥镜的基本结构和摘要如下。通过简单的颈椎椎板切除术和硬脑膜开放以及引入 12 号动脉导管，经验恢复了 10 个新鲜人体尸体中的天然 CSF 流量。他们通过标准的右额颅孔插入神经内窥镜检查，通过进行隔膜透明切开术和内窥镜第三脑室造口术确定 Monro 的孔。他们还向受训人员发送了自我报告的调查问卷作为主要程序，所有受训人员都反映了术后信心的增加。总之，这项实验成功地建立了为实习生提供特定手术所需的心身基础，以改善他们的手术经验。
Moreover, other than the articles, I went to the MIT campus tour an attene a meical lecture in Harvar this week. As for the information session given by an amission officer of MIT, it was emphasize that not only oes MIT focus on working har personally, but also the ability to communicate an work with people. It provies a plenty of majors choices, following the concept “Mens et Manus”, which means “Min an Han”; simultaneously, to avance knowlege an eucate stuents in science, technology, an other areas, of scholarship that will best serve the nation an the worl in the 21st century. On saturay, I went to Longwoo for the biology an meical lecture presente by Dr.He. I was fascinate by the part about genetic engineering. For example, tomato contains a kin of enzyme that cause it soften in a short time right after being picke. Scientists then introuce an inverse gene into it to interfere the function of the enzyme in orer to make tomato last longer, benefiting both finance an lives.
此外，除了这些论文研究之外，我还参加了麻省理工学院的校园之旅，并参加了本周在哈佛大学的医学讲座。 通过麻省理工学院招生说明会，我了解到麻省理工学院不仅注重个人努力工作，还注重与人交流和工作的能力。 它提供了大量的专业选择，遵循 “Mens et Manus” 的概念，意思是 “ 心灵与手 ”; 同时，推动知识和教育学生在科学，技术和其他领域的学术，最好地服务于 21 世纪的国家和世界。星期六，我去了 Longwoo 参加由 Dr.He 主持的生物学和医学讲座。关于基因工程的部分让我很着迷。例如，番茄含有一种酶，它可以在采摘后立即在短时间内软化。科学家随后在其中引入了一个反向基因来干扰酶的功能，以使番茄的寿命更长，从而节约成本和改善生活。
第三周
Reflection of Week 3 (Jun.25-Jul.1) During this week, I finishe reaing two of the rest of the articles that Dr.Yang share with us: Bulging brains an A balance view of the cerebrospinal flui composition an functions: Focus on ault humans. Also, in term of traumatic brain injury, I searche other two articles for supplement: Traumatic brain injury an Bloo pressure an intracranial pressure-volume ynamics in severe hea injury: Relationship with cerebral bloo flow.
第 3 周回顾（ 6 月 25 日 - 7 月 1 日）本周我读完了杨博士与我们分享的其他两篇文章：鼓胀的大脑和脑脊液成分和功能的平衡视图：专注于成年人。此外，在创伤性脑损伤方面，我搜索了其他两篇文章作为补充： 创伤性脑损伤和严重颅脑损伤的血压和颅内压 - 体积动态：与脑血流量的关系。
Totally, I rea four articles this week but not for perusing, instea I browse the abstract an conclusion for each of them. Technically, brain swelling is an accumulation of flui insie the brain that cause by trauma, stroke, infection, or tumors. It will increase the intracranial pressure an lower bloo an oxygen supply. In this article, ecompressive craniectomy was introuce as a metho of removing part of the skull an allowing the swollen brain to bulge outwar. Scientists then presente a moel that can rationalize the shape an position of the skull opening, avoiing amaging the important part of our brain. While, CSF, cerebrospinal flui, plays an important role in brain system. Acting as the thir circulation, it performs many functions like nourishing the brain (incluing transferring micronutrients like certain vitamins an minerals from bloo) an contributing to a stable internal milieu for the brain. Moreover, it can also remove the unnecessary molecules in the brain, just like what lymph flui works. Relatively, traumatic brain injury can cause bulging brain, an it is one of the main attributions of eath. In this article, it elaborates ifferent type or level of traumatic brain injury an how to hanle with it before going to the hospital, base on Glasgow Coma Scale, which known as GCS as follow (1-5 from slight to severe). 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eye Does not open eyes Opens eyes in response to pressure Opens eyes in response to voice Opens eyes spontaneously N/A N/A Verbal Makes no souns Makes souns Wors Confuse, isoriente Oriente, converses normally N/A Motor Makes no movements Extension to painful stimuli (ecerebrate response) Abnormal flexion to painful stimuli Flexion / Withrawal to painful stimuli Localizes to painful stimuli Obeys commans (ecorticate response) This article is more like popularization an encyclopeism rather than a research paper, benefitting the masses. Traumatic brain injury irectly relates to a raise intracranial pressure that cause by an increase brain tissue stiffness.
总的来说，我本周读了四篇文章，但没有精读，而是浏览了每篇文章的摘要和结论。从技术上讲，脑肿胀是由创伤，中风，感染或肿瘤引起的脑内液体积聚。它会增加颅内压，降低血液和氧气供应。 在这篇文章中，介绍了减压颅骨切除术作为一种去除部分颅骨并使肿胀的大脑向外凸出的方法。 科学家随后提出了一个模型，可以合理化颅骨开口的形状和位置，避免损害我们大脑的重要部分。而脑脊液，脑脊液，在脑系统中起着重要作用。 作为第三个循环，它执行功能，如滋养大脑（包括从血液中转移某些维生素和矿物质等微量营养素），并为大脑提供稳定的内部环境。此外，它还可以去除大脑中不必要的分子，就像淋巴液一样。 相对而言，创伤性脑损伤可导致脑膨出，这是死亡的主要原因之一。在这篇文章中，它基于格拉斯哥昏迷量表（ Glasgow Coma Scale ）详细阐述了不同类型或水平的创伤性脑损伤以及如何在去医院之前处理它，后者称为 GCS 如下（ 1-5 从轻微到严重）。 1 2 3 4 5 6 眼睛不张开眼睛因压力而打开眼睛打开眼睛以响应声音自然地打开眼睛 N / A N / A 语言不发出声音使声音混乱，迷失方向取向， 正常交谈 N / A 运动没有运动延伸到痛苦的刺激（去大脑反应）疼痛刺激的异常屈曲屈曲 / 退出痛苦的刺激局部化到痛苦的刺激 Obeys 命令（剥皮反应）这篇文章更像是普及和百科全书而不是研究 纸，造福群众。创伤性脑损伤直接与由脑组织僵硬增加引起的颅内压升高有关。
The stuy aroun 1992 focuse on the potential relationship between intracranial pressure an bloo pressure because we were or are not able to calculate or measure the exact intracranial pressure with moern technology. It showe that an increase bloo pressure leas to a higher intracranial pressure; however, lowering bloo pressure oes not significantly change the pressure insie the skull. Therefore, this speculation inicate that while ealing with traumatic brain injury, surgeons shoul prevent bloo pressure from increasing. After reaing these articles, incluing the ones from last week, current techniques in meical imaging of brain is improving from recor one information in a time to recor complete information by eveloping a computational moel of the vasculature that can accurately simulate physiological phenomena. Also, surgeons are focusing on exercising trainees an proviing them with opportunities to literally operate on corpses. Both of the evelopments are beneficial to clinical surgery. However, intracranial pressure is not accurately measure but somehow preictable.
1992 年左右的研究主要关注颅内压与血压之间的潜在关系，因为我们曾经或无法用现代技术计算或测量确切的颅内压。结果表明，血压升高会导致颅内压升高 ; 然而，降低血压并不会显着改变颅骨内的压力。 因此，这种推测表明，在处理创伤性脑损伤时，外科医生应该防止血压升高。在阅读这些文章（包括上周的文章）之后，当前的大脑医学成像技术正在通过开发可以精确模拟生理现象的脉管系统的计算模型来记录完整信息的记录一次信息。此外，外科医生正专注于培训学员，并为他们提供机会在尸体上进行操作。 这两项发展都有利于临床手术。然而，颅内压并未准确测量，但在某种程度上是可预测的。
I think that intracranial pressure is efinitely relate to CSF to some extent, an if we keep working on iscovering the function an the roles it plays in the brain, an combine with bloo pressure an the percentage of oxygen in the skull, probably the problem will be ease or unless more unerstanable. While concentrating on traumatic brain injury, brain swelling is one of the most common phenomenon. Scientists came up with the novel iea of skull opening to release the intracranial pressure. During this operation, it is also important to supervise intracranial pressure. Perhaps, we can measure the CSF pressure an then imply the intracranial pressure. However, it is unsafe to use tube, an in the future, we coul probably imitate the metho that we use to measure bloo pressure or invite a machine that can supervise the pressure without opening the skull. But for know, it is really critical to observe patients’ consciousness in orer to inicate his or her intracranial pressure an illness state.
我认为颅内压在一定程度上肯定与 CSF 有关，如果我们继续努力发现它在大脑中发挥作用及其作用，并结合血压和颅骨中氧气的百分比，可能会出现问题。 放松或除非更容易理解。在专注于创伤性脑损伤的同时，脑肿胀是最常见的现象之一。 科学家提出了颅骨开放的新想法，以释放颅内压。在此操作期间，监督颅内压也很重要。 也许，我们可以测量脑脊液压力然后暗示颅内压。然而，使用管是不安全的，并且在将来，我们可能模仿我们用于测量血压的方法或邀请可以在不打开颅骨的情况下监督压力的机器。但是要知道，观察患者的意识以表明他或她的颅内压和疾病状态是至关重要的。
