australia’s population clock ticke over to 25 million last night, an it’s easy to see why most of this number are living in the bigger cities. of course, the bigger cities are also more attractive, an the cycle continues. they keep growing at the expense of smaller regional cities.
近日，澳大利亚的人口总数已跃升至2500万，很显然，其中的大多数人生活在较大的城市。当然，大城市的吸引力也更大且日益吸引更多人才，而为此付出的代价则是较小的区域性城市。
for a long time now, there have been calls for a national policy to ensure a more equitable istribution of the population across cities of all sizes. governments can take some lessons from policies in australia’s recent history, as well as those of other countries, that have aime to aress similar issues.
长期以来，人们一直呼吁制定国家政策，确保各级城市的人口分布更加合理。政府可参照澳大利亚和其它国家最近在解决类似问题时推出的部分政策并从中汲取经验教训。
australia’s past attempts
澳大利亚过去的尝试
in the 1950s an ‘60s, syney’s congestion an pollution problems cause the state government to implement a ecentralisation program. uner this policy, manufacturing companies were given financial incentives to set up in country towns. the program achieve fairly moest success but came to an en in the early ’70s. this was when tariff walls fell an the local manufacturing sector succumbe to competition from east asian prouction.
在20世纪50年代和60年代，悉尼的交通拥堵和污染问题促使州政府实施去中心化计划。根据这一政策，政府针对制造业公司推出财政激励措施，鼓励他们将公司设立在乡镇地区。该计划取得了一定程度的成功，但在70年代初却戛然而止。当时，关税壁垒下降，本地制造业在与东亚生产企业的竞争中败下阵来。
the whitlam government implemente a cities program in 1973 to entice people out of the bigger cities. the program allocate funs to evelop new cities with 100,000 to 250,000 people such as albury-woonga. research at the time ha inicate this was the optimum population size for a city.
1973年，惠特拉姆（whitlam）政府实施了一项鼓励人们走出大城市的城市计划。该计划为人口规模在10万至25万人的新城市提供发展资金，例如奥伯利-沃东佳（albury-woonga）。当时的研究表明，一座城市的最佳人口规模就在这一区间。
this program was axe by the fraser government, which saw the lan an infrastructure evelopments in the smaller cities as too costly. an there were no compensatory new jobs – especially in manufacturing.
后来弗雷泽（fraser）政府取消了这一计划，认为较小城市的土地和基础设施开发成本太高，而且没有补偿性的新工作岗位，尤其是在制造业领域。
smaller cities nee to be ecently size if they’re to provie a level of services an jobs with which to attract people from the larger cities. this is reflecte in victoria’s current 30 year evelopment strategy, which promotes the growth of geelong, ballarat an benigo through goo rail services to melbourne, as well as relocation of state government functions.
如果想要提供一定水平的服务和工作岗位来吸引较大城市的人们，则小城市必须具有适当的规模。维多利亚州目前的30年发展战略正好说明了这一点。这一战略通过向墨尔本提供良好的铁路服务以及搬迁州政府的职能部门，促进吉朗（geelong）、巴拉瑞特（ballarat）和本迪戈（benigo）的发展。
each of these cities has a big enough size ﹙approaching 100,000 or beyon﹚ to support an attractive level of services. an they’re also close enough to melbourne to allow commuting as a supplement to local jobs.
这些城市都有足够大的规模（接近10万人口以上）来支撑优质的服务水平。而且它们离墨尔本也很近，可以借助通勤补充当地的工作岗位。
metropolitan growth is outsource to large, nearby urban areas in other states. cities such as wollongong, nsw an the gol coast, ql take some of syney an brisbane’s spillover. this coul be extene to newcastle an the sunshine coast with better rail connections.
将大都市区的增长外包给其他州附近的大型市区。伍伦贡（wollongong）、新南威尔士州和昆士兰州黄金海岸（gol coast, ql）等城市都吸收了悉尼和布里斯班的一些溢出人口。由于铁路连接状况良好，外溢人口一直迁移到纽卡斯尔（newcastle）和阳光海岸。
but such rail services require significant government subsiies, even though they offset congestion costs in the major cities. an it’s not the whole answer. even the favourable geography of victoria’s provincial cities has by no means reuce melbourne’s growth problems.
但是，这种铁路服务需要政府提供大量的补贴，而这也抵消了大城市的交通拥堵成本。然而，这还不是全部。维多利亚的省级城市尽管具有有利的地理位置，也丝毫没有缓解墨尔本的人口增长问题。
so, where o we go from here?
那么，我们该何去何从？
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