在托福阅读的课程中，常常被同学们问到的是如何提高阅读和做题效率的问题，因为大部分同学无法拿到阅读高分的核心原因是时间不够无法读全文章，直接做题又感觉患得患失地不知道选择的答案是否正确符合文章意思，这往往使得我们在备战阅读考试的效果大打折扣。
由于 提高阅读速度是一个需要长期训练的过程 ，为了让同学们 短期提高一些阅读分数和学习效果 ，我们来试试对比一些方法来高效的发现题目的切入点并且解决问题拿到分数。
我们来直接看题：
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, an mutualism. The first an the thir can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together an potentially interacting in a particular area.
- Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferrefrom paragraph 1?
○It exclues interactions betweenmore than two species.
○It makes it less likely for specieswithin a community to survive.
○Its significance to the organizationof biological communities is small.
○Its role in the structure ofbiological populations is a isruptive one.
解法1
初学者在看到这样题目的时候，会先把文章看完甚至翻译一遍，认为理解了自然就能选对答案。这是正确率最高最靠谱的做法，但最大的缺陷是考试时无法在短时间内理解文章并且做完题目。 所以在阅读能力不是很强的时候，尽量不要使用看完理解再做题的方法。
解法2：
定位规律
• 题干关键词：commensalism
• 文中定位点：There are three main types ofsymbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism,an mutualism.有三种共生关系：寄生、共生、互利共栖。说的是题干关键词本身的内容，无法对应选项。
• 再往后读啊读啊读啊……理论上来说看到这里应该能得到答案了，但是……但是……看看选项？
○共生关系不包括超过两个物种之间的相互作用
○共生关系使得物种在生物团体中难以生存
○共生关系在生物群体中的重要性是小的
○共生关系在生物结构中的角色是引起混乱的
选哪个？！正确答案是哪个啊？
这里我们要学的是一个小套路，我们把文中内容和选项都理解后得到这样的一个逻辑：
文章： 第一个和第三个在一个生物团体结构中是重要的；意思是，所有的有机体居住在一起并且在特定的区域相互作用。
推理模式： 第一个（寄生）和第三个（互利共栖）在一个生物团体结构中是重要的→第二个（共生）是不重要的
☞所以选C
这个切入点你发现了吗？
但这样分析题目，对我们来说有什么实际的意义呢？同学们，这篇文章的核心就是希望大家能高效的发现题目的切入点并且解决问题。于是，对于这道题来说发现一个能够广泛使用的规律，比起选出正确答案更有意义：
让我们聊聊刚才在题目中的推理模式：第一个（寄生）和第三个（互利共栖）在一个生物团体结构中是重要的→第二个（共生）是不重要的。
这个推理模式我叫做反义推理（有些老师也叫做反向推理、取非，意思一致），是托福阅读推理题常用的推理模式，并且在细节题、否定事实信息题（NOTEXCEPT）和判断其他题型错误选项的时候经常使用，也是最常见的一种思维模式。反义推理的核心来自于归约（reuction），意思是当未知量与已知量看上去无法匹配的时候，在二者之间搭上一个桥梁来使得找答案变得更简单。
让我们来看看类似题目中用到反义推理的高效表现：
With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboar the Glomar Challenger processe to the Meiterranean to search for the answers.On August 23, 1970, they recovere a sample. The sample consiste of pebbles of harene seiment that ha once been soft, eep-sea mu, as well as granules of gypsum an fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was foun that mighthave inicate that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the ays following, samples of soli gypsum were repeately brought on eck as rilling operations penetrate the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was foun to possess peculiarities of composition an structure that suggeste it ha forme on esert flats. Seiment above an below the gypsum layer containe tiny marine fossils, inicating open-ocean conitions. As they rille into the central an eepest part of the Meiterranean basin, the scientists took soli,shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbee with the salt were thin layers of what appeare to be win blown silt.
4．Which of the following can beinferre from paragraph 3 about the soli gypsum layer?
○It i not contain any marine fossil.
○It ha forme in open-ocean conitions.
○It ha once been soft, eep-sea mu.
○It containe seiment from nearby eserts.
解析
这道题很容易，和上一题是同样的套路
• 题干关键词：the soli gypsum layer
• 文中定位点：Seiment above an below the gypsumlayer containe tiny marine fossils, inicating open-ocean conitions.
• 利用反义推理：在石膏层上面和下面的沉积层中包含小海洋化石→石膏层不包含海洋化石
☞所以选A
而在我们熟练了在一个完整概念下不同因素之间的反义推理后（例如整体是【A,B,C】, 文中说AB重要则C不重要，AB有东西则C没有），将完整概念拓展到时间点前后区分概念会使得做题变得更加的简单：
【Paragraph 2】Yet this most funamental stanar of historical perioization concealsa host of paraoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however moest, ha a piano ororgan to provie musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances,spectators in the era before recore soun experience elaborate auralpresentations alongsie movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi(narrators) crafting multivoice ialogue narratives to original musicalcompositions performe by symphony-size orchestras in Europe an the UniteStates. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outsie the Soviet Union of TheBattleship Potemkin, film irector Sergei Eisenstein worke with Austriancomposer Emun Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching soun to image;the Berlin screenings with live music helpe to bring the film its wieinternational fame.
- Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?
○The film was not accompanie by soun before its Berlin screening.
○The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screene in Berlin.
○Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a irector an a composer.
○Eisenstein believe that the musical score in a film was as important as ialogue.
解析
• 题干关键词：Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf，大写字母很容易找
• 文中定位点：In Berlin, for the premiereperformance outsie the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film irectorSergei Eisenstein worke with Austrian composer Emun Meisel (1874-1930) on amusical score matching soun to image; the Berlin screenings with live musichelpe to bring the film its wie international fame.
• 利用反义推理：在柏林首次公演→在柏林之前没有演过
☞所以选A
对我们来说，掌握了时间点前后不一致，可以使用 反义推理 这个方法，能让我们更快的得到答案：
The areas covere by this material were so vast that the ice that eposite it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenlan orAntarctica. Eventually, Agassiz an others convince geologists an the general public that a great continental glaciation ha extene the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, peoplebegan to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurre in the relatively recent past because the rift was soft, like freshly eposite seiment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from raiometric ating of the carbon-14 in logs burie in the rift. The rift ofthe last glaciation was eposite uring one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which laste from 1.8 million to 10,000 yearsago. Along the east coast of the Unite States, the southernmost avance ofthis ice is recore by the enormous san an rift eposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Islan an Cape Co.
5.It can be inferre from paragraph 2 that Agassiz an other geologistsof his time were not able to etermine
○which geographic regions ha beencovere with ice sheets in the last ice age
○the exact ates at which rifts habeen eposite uring the last ice age
○the exact composition of the riftslai uring the last ice age
○how far south along the east coastof the Unite States the ice ha avance uring the last ice age
解析：
• 题干关键词：Agassiz an other geologists of histimewere not able to etermine
• 文中定位点：We now know the age of theglaciation accurately from raiometric ating of the carbon-14 in logs buriein the rift.
• 利用反义推理：Wenow know ……→Agassiz an other geologists of histimewere not able to etermine
☞所以选B
It was not until the Cambrian perio, beginning about 600 million yearsago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurre on Earth anprouce a fossil recor that allows us to track the rise an fall ofbioiversity. Since the Cambrian perio, bioiversity has generally risen, butthere have been some notable exceptions. Bioiversity collapse ramaticallyuring at least five perios because of mass extinctions aroun the globe. Thefive major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are onlyone en of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species wentextinct uring smaller events that were less ramatic but more frequent. Thebest known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the emise ofthe inosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
- Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life onEarth before the Cambrian perio?
○Bioiversity levels were steay, asinicate by the fossil recor.
○Levels of bioiversity coul not betracke.
○The most ramatic extinction episoeoccurre.
○Few microscopic species existe.
解析：
• 题干关键词：before the Cambrian perio?
• 文中定位点：It was not until the Cambrian perio, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation ofmacroscopic species occurre on Earth an prouce a fossil recor that allowsus to track the rise an fall of bioiversity.
• 利用反义推理：It was not until the Cambrian perio……allows us to track the risean fall of bioiversity→Levels of bioiversity coul not betracke.
☞所以选B
反义推理这个模式还可以被用在NOTEXCEPT题当中：
Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the moun.At first the inhabitants still hunte gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switche abruptly to heringomesticate goats an sheep an to growing einkorn, pulses, an other cerealgrasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapily until it covere nearly 30 acres. It was aclose-knit community of rectangular, one-story mu-brick houses, joine bynarrow lanes an courtyars, finally abanone about 5000 B.C.. Many complexfactors le to the aoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, butat many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toebones showing the telltale marks of abrasion cause by foot tethering (bining)testify to early hering of omestic stock.
10.Accoring to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of AbuHureyra iffere from earlier settlements at that location in all of thefollowing EXCEPT
○the omestication of animals
○the intensive hunting of gazelle
○the size of the settlement
○the esign of the wellings
解析：
• 题干关键词：after 7000 B.C
• 文中定位点：Then, about 7000 B.C……但我的思考是，之后的内容对应选项则会成为正确的内容，而题目需要我们找到错误的内容并且选出来，那么，7000BC之前的内容如果对应选项，就应该是错误的并且可以被选出来了，根据这个想法我们往前看
• Five centuries later, about7700B.C., a new village rose on the moun. At first the inhabitants stillhunte gazelle intensively.
☞对应答案B
During wakefulness, breathing is controlle by two interacting systems.The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centere in thebrain stem. It subconsciously ajusts breathing rate an epth in orer toregulate the levels of carbon ioxie (CO2) an oxygen (O2), an the aci-baseratio in the bloo. The secon system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Itscontrol center is base in the forebrain, an it regulates breathing for use inspeech, singing, sighing, an so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriingthe automatic, metabolic system an prouces an irregular pattern of breathing.
2.Accoring to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of thevoluntary breathing system EXCEPT:
○It has its control center in thebrain stem.
○It controls breathing for a numberof activities uring wakefulness.
○It is able to bypass the automatic system.
○It prouces an irregular breathing pattern.
解析：
• 题干关键词：the voluntary breathing system
• 文中定位点：The secon system is the voluntary,behavioral system.
• 反义推理：看到secon则一定有first，思考是first的内容对应选项则一定不符合secon的内容所以文中The first is an automatic, metabolic systemwhose control is centere in the brain stem.
☞因此正确答案为A
看上去都是套路啊，不知道你们都学会了吗？
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